For elements in the d-block, which electrons are also valence electrons?

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Multiple Choice

For elements in the d-block, which electrons are also valence electrons?

Explanation:
Valence electrons are those that participate in bonding and chemical reactions. In the d-block, the chemistry of transition metals involves not only the outermost s electrons but also the electrons in the d subshell of the preceding energy level. These d-shell electrons are not core; they can be lost or shared during bonding, giving multiple oxidation states. So, for d-block elements, the electrons in the d shell are valence electrons. (The outer s electrons are valence as well, but the question highlights the d-shell contribution to bonding.)

Valence electrons are those that participate in bonding and chemical reactions. In the d-block, the chemistry of transition metals involves not only the outermost s electrons but also the electrons in the d subshell of the preceding energy level. These d-shell electrons are not core; they can be lost or shared during bonding, giving multiple oxidation states. So, for d-block elements, the electrons in the d shell are valence electrons. (The outer s electrons are valence as well, but the question highlights the d-shell contribution to bonding.)

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